Properties of Enzyme Catalysts

Properties of Enzyme Catalysts Presentation Enzymes:Enzymes are single or numerous - chain proteins that go about as a natural impetuses with the capacity to advance explicit concoction rxn under the mellow condition that win in most living being. Review of Enzymes impetuses All response in the body are interceded by compounds, which are protein catalysis that expansion the pace of response without being changed in by and large procedure. Among the numerous biologic response that are lively conceivable, Enzyme specifically channel reactant called substrate into valuable pathways. Enzynes in this way immediate every metabolic occasion. Compound are Protein Catalyst that expansion the speed of the substance rxn, and are not expended during the rxn they catalyze. Some sort of RNA act like an Enzyme, RNA with synergist action are called Ribozymes. Chemicals are protein impetuses, they impact the energy however not the thermodynamics of a response Increment the pace of a concoction response Try not to change the harmony Properties of chemicals Chemical particles contain a unique pocket called a functioning site. The dynamic site contain amino corrosive side chain that make a three dimention surface correlative to the substrate . the dynamic site tie the substrate , shaping a chemical substrate (ES) complex. The ES is changed over to chemical product(EP), which along these lines separated to compound and item. Reactant proficiency: Most chemical synergist rxn are exceptionally effective , continuing from 103 to multiple times quicker than the uncatalysed rxn. Eacg chemical particle is equipped for changing 100 to 1000 substrate atoms into item every sec. The quantity of particles of substrate changed over to item is known as the turnover no. Characterstic of Enzymes Certain substance is modest quantity have special limit of speedingup concoction rxn without being change after the rxn, they increasing speed the speed of the rxn without fundamental at first it. Substance that carry on as such are called impetus or synergist specialist. For eg hydrogen and oxygen don't consolidate to any considerable degree under typical climatic condition. Anyway dissimilar to platinum , while is inorganic , chemical are natural compound produce by living life form. Hence we may characterize protein as natural impetus created by a natural cell. The three unmistakable characterstic are 1)specificity. 2)high Catalyst rate 3)high limit with respect to guideline. A general model of response energy of natural frameworks Dyanamic scientific model in biotechnology require close to the data require the stoiciometry alright the organic rxn framework.. The recognizable proof of from the earlier obscure response energy is regularly a basic assignment due to the non-linearity and (over-) definition of the model conditions acquainted with represent all the conceivable regulation wonders. The commitment of this paper is to propose a general plan of response energy, as an augmentation of the Michaelis-Menten energy, which permits restriction/actuation and hindrance impacts to be depicted with a decreased number of boundaries. The dianamic model of an entirely mixed tank bioreactor is generally gotten from a mass equalization which lead to a differential eq systwm for the focus vector ) = c0; r(c(t))=q(c(t))cx0(t) The network âÅ'ˆâ‚ ¬R^m*n contains the data on the stoichiometry of the response framework and is typically timeinvariant. The natural responses r â‚ ¬ R ^ m are catalyzed by the suitable biomass, whose focus is signified by cx0(t); and the particular response rate vector q â‚ ¬R^m is typically a non-straight capacity of the fixations. Dâ‚ ¬ R is the recharging (or weakening) rate and u â‚ ¬ R^ n containsthe reactor input/yield conditions. There are an enormous assortment of scientific depictions of the response energy accessible in the writing. A methodical methodology is, accordingly, important to locate the best model structure and the best qualities ofthe model boundaries as for some forced rule. For example, regarding model recognizable proof, the ideal structure is portrayed by insignificant connections among's boundaries and maximal recognizability properties. Regarding state estimation and control, be that as it may, effortlessness and (non-)linearity play si gnificant roles.[5] Compound CATALYST A large portion of the rxn that happen in living being are impetus by atom called compound. Most catalysts are proteins (certain RNA particles additionally go about as chemical). A catalyst is in explicit in its activity. Numerous proteins impetus just the change of a specific reactant to a specific item ;other compound impetus just a specific class of rxn(by ester hydrolysis) . Protein accelerate rxn rate substantionally and in their missing most organic rxn happen . The atom a chemical follow up on is known as the substrate.the substrate tie to a particular dynamic site on the enzymeso structure as catalyst substrate complex. Some physiological toxin act by authoritative to dynamic site of an enzyme,there hindering the activity of the enzyme.the structure of an inhibitor may look like the structure of catalyst substrate .Cyanide act by obstructing the protein cytochrome oxidase. The single called Escherichia coli, a bacterium that thrived in human colons, contain around 2500 distinct compounds .[6] Protein Kinetics 1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 2.Lineweaver-Burk Kinetics 3. Hanes-Woolf Kinetics 4. Eadie-hofstee 5. Reversible Inhibition[7] K1 k2 E+S ↠ES ↠E+P k-1 k-2 E is the free protein , S is the substrate, ES is the catalyst substrate complex p is the item. Thp generally rxn is s gives p. The protein is expected in sync 1 and revised in sync 2.Enzymes can catalyze up to a few million responses for each second 2.Enzyme rates rely upon arrangement conditions and substrate focus. Conditions that denature the protein nullify compound action, for example, high temperatures, boundaries of pH or high salt focuses, while raising substrate fixation will in general increment movement. To locate the greatest speed of an enzymatic response, the substrate fixation is expanded until a consistent pace of item arrangement is seen. This is appeared in the immersion bend on the right. Immersion happens in light of the fact that, as substrate fixation builds, increasingly more of the free protein is changed over into the substrate-bound ES structure. At the most extreme speed (Vmax) of the compound, all the protein dynamic destinations are bound to substrate, a nd the measure of ES complex is equivalent to the aggregate sum of catalyst. Be that as it may, Vmax is just a single motor steady of catalysts. The measure of substrate expected to accomplish a given pace of response is additionally significant. This is given by the Michaelis-Menten steady (Km), which is the substrate fixation required for a catalyst to arrive at one-a large portion of its most extreme speed. Every protein has a trademark Km for a given substrate, and this can show how close the official of the substrate is to the compound In most exploratory investigations on compounds energy, the protein concentrationis substantially less than the substrate focus; [E] [ES]-[E][P] 0=([E] - [E][S])(k[E][S]-[P])- (+)[ES] In the event that [is the underlying compound focus than [E]=[E]+[ES].since the conc is [E]during the rxn is commonly not known while [E] is known , we supplant [E] by [E] The const rate is =- R=[E][S]-[ES] R=[E][S]-([S]+[ES] Since the centralization of the middle ES is little, we have Usually,the rxn is followed distinctly to a couple of percent finishing and the underlying rate decided. Setting the item focus [P]equal to 0 and [S]equal to [S] We get as the underlying rate r where the Michaelis Menten const is characterized by . The proportional of above eq is 1/r= 1/ Condition 2 is the Michaelis Menten eq , or more eq is the Lineweaver Burk eq. One measure r for a few [S] values with [E] held fixed. The consistent Since [E] is known . carefully r isn't the rate at t=0 , since there is a short acceptance period before consistent state condition are build up . Albeit numerous exp concentrates on compound motor give a rate law in concurrence with the Michaelis Menten eq .the mech ‘a is terribly over streamlined. First and foremost , there is a lot of proof that , while the substrate is bound to the catalyst , it for the most part experiences a concoction change before being discharged as item . consequently a superior model is E + S ES ↠EP ↠E+ P The above model gives a rate law that has a similar structure as the Michaelis Menten eq yet the const are supplanted const with diff essentialness . Compound rxn are very quick however can be examined utilizing â€Å"classical† strategies by keeping [E] and [S]very moderate. Lineweaver-Burk Equation The technique depict for the assurance of is somebody complex and thusly more straightforward strategy have been contrived. Two such technique are given underneath: First technique a convient methods for assessing and is to plot active information as the reciprocals of v and (S) where v speed and (S) is the complete conc of substrate. such a twofold equal was proposed by Hans Lineweaver and Dean Burk in 1934. In the event that one take the proportional of Michaelis Menten eq, the accompanying eq is framed This is known as Lineweaver-Burk Equation. This eq is the structure y=mx+b, on the off chance that one condition the variable to b and 1/(s). At the point when one plots a diagram against these two variable , a straight line is acquired . the slop of this line compares to and the 1/v block relates to 1/. Since can be decide from the catch , the can be determined . Second strategy: another graphical technique for the estimation of for experimentel information on V as a proportion of (S) utilizes the above Lineweaver-Burk Equation . augmentation on sides of the by (S) gives: A plot of stanzas (S) gives a straight line on pivot is and the incline is and can be gotten from intercepy of the slant. A lineweaver burk plots give a fast test to adhereance to Michaelis Menten eq motor and permits effectively assessment of the basic const . it additionally permit the separation between diff sorts of compound restraint and regu

Simple Reaction Time free essay sample

The Research Instructor directed an analysis about Simple Reaction Time. The Subject hold the clock while the Experimenter gave a go signal, and the Subject began the clock and shared stories. The Recorder utilized a mobile phone to follow the time. The Subject couldn't see the clock, and furthermore the information that was being recorded. This was performed forty-five preliminaries. A while later, the Experimenter and the Subject exchanged jobs and performed ten preliminaries for the subsequent subject. The Subject having forty-five preliminaries tended to have more â€Å"12 seconds† time target since she had a great deal of preliminaries. It was more precise than the Subject having ten preliminaries. Without the â€Å"free association†, the Subject will in general hit more â€Å"12 seconds† time target in light of the fact that she’s more engaged than having â€Å"free association†. Goal To familiarize the understudies in perusing lab preliminaries and arrange information into synopses and diagrams. Foundation Simple Reaction Time is the time required for a subject to start a prearranged reaction to a characterized boost. We will compose a custom paper test on Straightforward Reaction Time or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It is additionally a test which estimates straightforward response time through conveyance of a known boost to a realized area to evoke a known reaction. The main uncertainly is as to when the improvement will happen, by having a variable interim between the preliminary reaction and the beginning of the boost for the following preliminary. (Recovered from http://www. camcog. com/straightforward response time. asp) Like Choice Reaction Time it is helpful for testing general readiness and engine speed, and is frequently delicate. Ludwig Lange, working in Wundt’s Institute at Leipsic in 1886-7 found that the term of the straightforward response was obviously extraordinary, proportionately as the reagent coordinated his consideration (so far as could be expected under the circumstances) solely upon the sense-impression or upon the development to be made because of it. Lange as needs be recognized two sorts or types of basic response, the sensorial and the strong. He discovered additionally that a lot of training was vital, if the reagent was to give each type in its extraordinary shape. Particularly is[sic, presumably â€Å"if†] there an inclination towards the shortening of the sensorial structure by some intermixture of engine

Biblical Narrative free essay sample

The Art of Biblical Narrative, by Robert Alter, presents us with a prologue to a scholarly way to deal with the Bible. In particular, he treats the exposition of the Bible as profoundly advanced anecdotal story for the reasons for abstract and investigation, countering ideas that the regularly stupefying highlights experienced in it are a consequence of crude composing strategy or confounded combination of shifted sources. In the wake of opening with an initial model and a study of the present condition of the abstract investigation of the Bible (starting at 31 years back at any rate), he proceeds onward deeply of his contention. He starts by examining writing fiction and sacrosanct story when all is said in done, and afterward proceeds onward to talk about the utilization of show inside Biblical stories. Next is the capacity of, and connection among, portrayal and discourse in the Bible. Next is the Biblically pervasive expository gadget of redundancy. Next he talks about the manner in which the Bible intentionally forgets about subtleties where our cutting edge ears would anticipate them. From that point onward, he examines the multi-sourced part of the Bible. At last, he rehashes and grows the prior conversation of the reason and estimation of fiction and why it shows up as it does in the Bible. First I will distil the essence of his proposals, and afterward I will offer my own editorial. Alter’s first and focal proposal, that, as far as artistic class, the Biblical stories are writing fiction, explicitly, swaying between historicized exposition fiction and fictionalized composition history. Some significant clarification: First, this phrasing is fundamentally intended to show the artistic complexity of the accounts rather than the terms generally given to them, legend, fables, fantasies, adventures, stories, and so forth. The tales are not crudely substandard, as our cutting edge ears are well-suited to hear a significant number of the outside scholarly gadgets, but instead, comprehended in their unique situation, they are fastidiously created and gathered stories by ace narrators. Next, the writing of the Bible stands in immediate and glaring difference with the epic verse of its agnostic neighbors. The very utilization of exposition rather than verse established a perspective defiance from the forces of the time; composition was designed by the Hebrews as another, counter-culture method for discussing the idea of the world. Writing delineated the universe progressively, well, mundanely, while epic verse conferred an astronomical ceremony ness to the narrators and their story. The distinction between the composition and the epic verse is consummately practically equivalent to the distinctions of religious philosophy and perspective between the scriptural creators and their peers. The sentence structure was allowed to be looser, and altogether greater vagueness was permitted, in exposition than in ANE epic verse; the perspective of the Bible presents a considerably more (unequivocally) nuanced, uncertain comprehension of man’s place on the planet than the fixed, everlastingly docile office of man in ANE epic verse. Those hallowed stories were typically cyclic, centering upon the constant, immortal occasions limited by the verse, while the Bible offers a fixed start and erratic characters. The Bible doesn’t give us the fixed characters of fantasy and legend. It generally gives us complex, nuanced characters as a test to the encompassing perspective. Three statements serve to explain the way Alter sees the connection between this scholarly origination of the Bible and its recorded nature. Initially, â€Å"The point is that fiction was the chief methods which the scriptural creators had available to them for acknowledging history. † [p32] Second, â€Å"The creator of the David stories remains in fundamentally a similar connection to Israelite history as Shakespeare stands to English history in his history plays. Shakespeare was clearly not allowed to have Henry V lose the clash of Agincourt, or to permit another person to lead the English powers there, however working from the traces of verifiable custom, he could design a sort of [coming old enough story] for the youthful Prince Hal † [p36] And third, remarking on the narrative of Ehud and Elgon, â€Å"It is maybe less historicized fiction than fictionalized history in which the inclination and the importance of occasions are solidly acknowledged through the specialized assets of exposition fiction† [p41 accentuation mine]. At long last, a key point about the idea of composition fiction is the masterful satisfaction in making a convincing story, and the delight in the audience members/perusers while experiencing those accounts. There was a genuine differentiation among exposition and verse in the sorts pleasure to be had, both in weaving the story and hearing it. The creators utilized their aesthetic permit to recount to the story in an important manner, however in a way that was pleasant to make and to encounter. Watching the basically stylish nature (as particular from the instructive or confession booth natures) of the Bible’s organization is significant to getting a handle on what it is attempting to communicate. â€Å"[S]erious liveliness can solidify unobtrusive and withstanding realities of involvement with entertaining or capturing or satisfying ways,† [p46] and this is one more motivation behind why exposition fiction was vastly progressively fit to communicating the certainties of God than the standard ANE epic verse. After first experience with the capacity and estimation of writing fiction in the Bible, Alter talks about show. To begin with, he utilizes a case of show in Hollywood westerns to exhibit how effectively perusers without a consciousness of the shows of the class can totally misjudge the explanation certain story occasions repeat, and the noteworthiness conveyed by any deviation from those shows. At that point, he reveals insight into certain sections every now and again accepted by researchers to be developments from shared sources, and contends that their similitudes emerge not from the creators stirring up sources, yet from show; explicitly, the three â€Å"betrothal at the well† scenes: Isaac and Rebecca , Jacob and Rachel, and Moses and Zipporah. The tale of a decent prearranged engagement follows a generally exacting example, deviation from which can flag important change in imaginative aim. Cautious scholarly examination of the Bible expects thoughtfulness regarding these examples or if nothing else a sharp mindfulness that we have no entrance to sources important to show to us where numerous examples are. After this, Alter investigates the relationship in Biblical stories between portrayal legitimate and exchange between characters. He contends that in the Bible, exchange (either between characters, or, all the more once in a while, inward discourse) is the favored vehicle of story and character improvement, though unmistakable portrayal appropriate is utilized distinctly in specific occurrences, specifically, 1) activities basic to the plot, 2) piece setting the stage, and 3) â€Å"verbatim reflecting, affirming, undermining, or centering in portrayal of explanations made in direct talk by the characters† [p77]. At the point when portrayal mirrors exchange, it is intended to move consideration back to the discourse here and there. Modify contends that the explanation behind this accentuation is on the grounds that â€Å"the scriptural riters are less worried about activities in themselves than with how individual character reacts to activities or produces them[. ]† [p 66] One basic gadget in portrayal through exchange is the complexity between the individual curtness or chattiness of characters’ discourse to one another; a short inquiry with a long answer, or a long inquiry with a short answer, contingent upon the circumstance, can tell the mindful audience almost all that he has to think about that character. Inquiries of appearance, or different portrayals which moderns would ask, had for all intents and purposes no nearness in the old Israelite mind. This all cautions us to two things. To start with, any minor departure from this traditional inclination for exchange ought to be sufficiently critical to move nearer consideration, just as any minor departure from the customary requesting of article, activities, reflecting, and discourse. Second, the scriptural creators just included expressive subtleties which they thought were totally fundamental to the story, and accordingly exceptional consideration should consistently be paid to activities and subtleties inside scriptural stories, and to their essentialness to the import of the story. For instance, when Eve gave the organic product to Adam, the accompanying words, â€Å"who was with her,† would have had such centrality as to mean, â€Å"who had been remaining there with her the entire time! † But we today are significantly more acclimated with descriptive detail, and don’t tend catch the noteworthiness that dwelled in those subtleties. The following phase of Alter’s artistic treatment of the Bible is centered around the all-unavoidable nearness of redundancy inside Biblical portrayal. He tends to four sorts of reiteration in the Bible: Leitwort, theme, subject, succession of activities, and type scene; yet first calls attention to that the first crowd and creators more likely than not enjoyed the component of redundancy in manners that we basically don't. In fact, in English exposition, word redundancy is dreary and ordinarily interferes with stream. Leitwort, the mark Alter utilizes for this kind of word reiteration which English keeps away from, where a particular word or set of words show up with customary recurrence in a given account, is one of the commonest and effectively discernible procedures of redundancy in the Bible. Since this procedure likewise takes preferences of Hebrew word developments that don’t fundamentally fall off in interpretation, it is, obviously, considerably more noticeable in the first language, thus commonality with the first language offers access to a more profound layer of importance past punctuation and jargon. This element of Hebrew story is the most perceptible contrast from most present day dialects and writing, and its utilization is constantly both deliberate and significant. In light of the Bible’s overwhelming dependence on reiteration as examined here, key implications can be found by focusing on the vari

Reflective Journal on the Significance of Southern Comfort - 275 Words

Reflective Journal on the Significance of the Movie Southern Comfort (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: Reflective Journal on the significance of the Movie, "Southern Comfortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Name:Institution:Reflective Journal on the significance of the Movie, "Southern Comfortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ The essence of this reflective essay is to clearly illustrate the importance of the movie," Southern Comfortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , what is learnt from it and how it affects the societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s thinking on matters relating to transsexuals and whether it is right to transform oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s gender."Southern Comfort" is a 2001 movie documentary that highlights the final life experiences of Robert Eads, a female-to-male transsexual. Robert is diagnosed with ovarian cancer but his treatment is rejected by many doctors who fear stigmatization from the society which believes that gender transformation is unacceptable. Robert spends his last days with his "close familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , consisting of other transsexuals, and his love Lola, who is a transgender woman. His last appearance is at a S outhern Comfort Conference, where he addresses a large audience, and later dies after a great night at prom with Lola, his love.The importance of this movie is to remind people about Robert Eadsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life. Although he was kind-hearted, as depicted by him forming the Southern Comfort movement, which was supposed to unite transsexuals and loved ones together, doctors were not kind to him. Eadsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s aim to have his outer appearance compared to his inner-being proves futile as people hardly look at his inner appearance and they hence judge him from his external manifestation. The doctorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ act is seen as an act of prejudice and points a finger and the general stupidity of the society as a whole. According to me, legal action should have been taken against these doctors.On the positive side, the movie is characterized b...

Emperors of the Roman Empire - 1028 Words

Emperors In Ancient Rome, the government was controlled by an emperor starting with Julius Caesar. After his death, men jockeyed for power throughout the next several centuries. Each emperor had his own strengths and weaknesses which made them either beloved or hated by their people. If loyalty to the people and doing what is best for the citizens of the nation or state is the most important criteria on which to judge an emperor, then the success or failure of the emperor can be judged by comparing them to one another. However, it is not enough to be loved by the general public, as is evident in the case of some emperors; the leader must also be able to maintain communication and cooperation with the other members of the government in order to form a cohesive team to serve the people. Three of the most famous emperors who had a major impact on the Roman Empire and the Roman people are Julius Caesar, Augustus Caesar, and Caligula. Julius Caesar ruled Rome when the empire was still a Republic with Senators and other politicians holding equal power to the one man in charge. Caesar was beloved by the people and his role as emperor was one that was given to him by the people of Rome, much to the chagrin of the Senators. Many of his fellow politicians felt this gave Caesar far too much power over them. Rather than allow for their Republic to become an Empire ruled by a dictator in perpetuity (Suetonius 25). Julius Caesar was not political enough when he accepted thisShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Constantine, A Roman Emperor Of The Roman Empire801 Words   |  4 PagesThe life of Constantine, a Roman emperor from 306 to 337 AD, is explained by two different accounts that differ from each other. The first one that was written by Eusebius in 337 AD states that Constantine is a victorious, pious emperor who helps others and orders the construction of sacred places to honor Christ. The second account was written in 520 A D by Zosimus and it states that Constantine is an impious, arrogant and selfish emperor who is responsible of the Roman Empire’s collapse. EusebiusRead MoreRoman Empire: Emperor Caesar Augustus 660 Words   |  3 Pagespbs.org/empires/romans/empire/augustus.html) Octavian Augustus is one of the fiercest leaders in the history of the Roman Empire because of his successful military expansion, his Control of Finance, and his political leadership. Caesar Octavian Augustus helped the Expansion of the Roman Empire on the frontiers/ Conquest of Egypt. Octavian Augustus fought wars both on land and water, and spared many people. The success of his wars led to the successful military expansion of the Roman Empire. By wagingRead MoreGaius Octavius Augustus: First Emperor of the Roman Empire1498 Words   |  6 PagesGaius Octavius Augustus First Emperor of the Roman Empire  Clinton Jenkins Hum 121 Octavius Research Paper 10/11/12 Gaius Octavius Augustus First Emperor of the Roman Empire Gaius Octavius, better known to historians as Augustus, succeeded his great uncle Julius Caesar following his assassination. In his wake, Augustus would become the first Emperor of the newly formed Roman Empire and bring massive, sweeping revisions to Roman law as well as centralize the government, militaryRead MoreDuring Rule Of Emperor Justinian Of The Eastern Roman Empire,1802 Words   |  8 Pages During rule of Emperor Justinian of the Eastern Roman Empire, a cycle of recurring plagues started in the year 541 A.D. This plague cycle would disappear and reappear in roughly eleven year cycles. The last strike of this plague cycle was in 747 in Naples. This series of plagues were called the Justinian plague named after Emperor Justinian’s rule and it is also referred to as the early medieval pandemic (EMP). The severity of this plague was high being that Procopius of Caesarea, a Urban PrefectRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire950 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roman Empire was undoubtedly the most powerful Empire the Mediterranean area had ever seen. However, the inevitable Roman Empire was destined to fall after the series of problems that made the once prominent empire fade away. Rome was easily the center of the world at its time and the idea that such an influential empire would eventually fall was unheard of. The Roman Empire was not built in a day; therefore it was not destroyed in one day. The powerful empire declined for many reasons, but theRead MoreThe Differences Of The Roman Empire And The Byzantine Empire1436 Words   |  6 PagesThe Byzantine Empire was a vast powerful empire dating from 330-1453. The capital was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), first known as Byzantium. To begin with, the Roman Empire was split up into two halves by Emperor Diocletian in A.D. 285. The empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire (The Byzantine Empire). The Eastern Roman Empire was similar to the Western Roman Empire but had some prime differences. These differences included language, acceptance of ChristianityRead MoreThe Structure of The Roman Empire Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pages The Roman Empire, was the largest known civilization. The Roman Empire began when Augustus won the second great civil war and ended, when the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was overthrown by the Germanic King Odoacer. The empire continued in the East as the Byzantine Empire (Mark). The structure of the Empire was such that one individual had complete control over all matters of the state, The Emperor, of course there were various branches of the government that still served underRead MoreThe Roman Empire And How Did It Affect Rome?1052 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Roman Empire and how did it affect Rome? As history teaches, the Roman Empire was a great and solid empire. From the time of its birth to its fall the Roman Empire was known and remembered for its greatness. Yet through all of that, somehow, someway it fell apart. It became the million dollar question that almost everyone was asking themselves. How and why did the Roman Empire fall? The answer to that question is inconsistency and the lack of good leadership. The fall of the Roman EmpireRead MoreRoman Empire1506 Words   |  7 Pages  The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors, and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The 500 year old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victoryRead MoreDecline And Fall Of The Roman Empire1310 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the Roman Empire was the greatest Empire in history. They destroyed their enemies and took their land. They had control of the Mediterranean Sea and all of the trade that went through it. Places like the Pantheon were constructed and laws such as stare decisis were created. The Roman Empire was an empire that many people wanted to live unde r. Then, like all empires eventually do, it fell. Looking at history, there are nine possible reasons for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. The first

The Hunger Games - 786 Words

Insightful and based on morals and justice, The Hunger Games values the concern and compassion of characters like Katniss and Peeta, while finding fault in the inhuman and selfish ways of others. The novel focuses on Katniss Everdeen, the 16-year-old protagonist and tribute for The Hunger Games, pitted against twenty-three others in a gamble for her own life. Furthermore survival above all others is one of the most prevalent themes in The Hunger Games, providing a precarious feeling of one’s survival. The author Suzanne Collins incorporated many various themes to create a deep, rich mythology presenting an interesting and unforgettable story that is relatable to her own world. In addition trust and government control follow shortly after survival for both the relationships of Katniss and Peeta and the power hungry President Snow’s goals. Within Katniss are the undeniable instinct to survive and the undying will to push onward. Katniss proves herself, bearing great survi val skills that are imperative for her own well-being. â€Å"It was slow going at first, but I was determined to feed us. I stole eggs from nests, caught fish in nets, sometimes managed to shoot a squirrel or rabbit for stew, and gathered the various plants that sprung up beneath my feet. Plants are tricky. Many are edible, but one false mouthful and you’re dead. I checked and double-checked the plants I harvested with my father’s pictures. I kept us alive.† Quoted from the book (4.19), it proves Katniss’Show MoreRelatedThe Hunger Games1061 Words   |  5 Pagesdistricts against the Capitol. Twelve were defeated, the thirteenth obliterated. The Treaty of Treason gave us the new laws to guarantee peace and, as our yearly reminder that the Dark Days must never be repeated, it gave us the Hunger Games. The rules of the Hunger Games are simple. In punishment for the uprising, each of the twelve districts must provide one girl and one boy, called tributes, to participate. The twentyfour tributes will be imprisoned in a vast outdoor arena that could hold anythingRead MoreEssay on Hunger Games686 Words   |  3 PagesThe Hunger Games The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins has many characteristics of a dystopian society. Propaganda is used throughout the book to control the citizens of society. The people of the twelve districts have their Information, independent thought, and freedom restricted. The type of dystopian control present is corporate control. Propaganda is use to control the citizens of society. â€Å"The real message is clear, ‘Look how we take your children and sacrifice them and there’s nothing youRead MoreHunger Games Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesit shapes them into fighters, when faced with life and death a person would do almost anything to assure survival. This is greatly demonstrated in the book The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins when the main character Katniss Everdeen’s world is shifted upside down when her father dies and when she volunteers as tribute for the Hunger Games. After her father’s death the weight of the world was on Katniss’s shoulders, as she had to learn how to provide for, and keep her family alive. Her family consistedRead MoreThe Hunger Games : Mockingjay1116 Words   |  5 Pages YASHA’S BOOK REPORT- THE HUNGER GAMES: MOCKINGJAY PLOT ‘THE HUNGER GAMES: MOCKINGJAY’ takes place several months since the last outing, Catching Fire. Seventeen year old Katniss Everdeen has survived The Hunger Games twice, but along with her outstanding victory, which bewildered The Capitol’s devious Gamemakers. There were consequences. The infuriated president of Panem, President Snow, didn’t see actions taking place in order to eliminate Katniss, which was his bidding. Therefore, he plansRead MoreThe Movie Hunger Games Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesThe last movie is the novel adaptation, Hunger Games series came to a close on November 17, 2015. The final film in the series, Mockingjay Part 2, follows the same strategy as another young-adult movie franchise, Twilight. The book turned movie raised its nearly unknown cast to rock star status and enormous profit. This sci-fi, adventure is violent. Scenes of blood oozing out of actors and actresses earned the PG-13 rating. The violence was spread evenly, however, the out the 137 minute durationRead MoreSummary Of The Hunger Games Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pages The Hunger Games â€Å"â€Å"No, you can’t kill yourself, â€Å"I say. I’m on my knees, desperately plastering the bandage back onto his wound. â€Å"Katniss, â€Å"he says. â€Å"It’s what I want. â€Å"You’re not leaving me here alone, â€Å"I say. Because if he dies, I’ll never go home, not really. I’ll spend the rest of my life in this arena trying to think my way out. â€Å"Listen, â€Å"he says pulling me to my feet. â€Å"We both know they have to have a victor. It can only be one of us. Please, take it. For me.† And he goes on about howRead MoreEssay On The Hunger Games1027 Words   |  5 PagesThe Hunger Games - Essay By Lauren Wheeler Throughout the whole story of The Hunger Games, the author Suzanne Collins’ personal story plays a major role in the events of the annual hunger games, and is a great influence on the personality and development of the two tributes from District 12 and their struggle to survive in the cruel, harsh arena. The story of the Hunger Games takes place in the destroyed nation of North America, which is now Panem and contains twelve districts. These districtsRead MoreThe Road And The Hunger Games1962 Words   |  8 PagesBoth novels, The Road and The Hunger Games, share a common theme of survival and violence. In the book, The Road the entire setting and plot illustrate the apparent collapse of all on Earth and the violence of this dystopian world adds to the dreadfulness of survival, as many humans have reverted to terrible behaviors of murder and cannibalism. As well, a discussion of violence in The Hunger Games must consider the role violence plays in the narrative, although the film is about children who areRead MoreThe Hunger Games Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe book The Hunger Games, portrays a society where people are treated unfairly based on factors that they cannot control. The people are born into one of 13 districts. There lives vary drastically based on where they are bor n. Someone born in the Capitol has a completely different life than someone born in district 12. A person born in the Capitol lives a wealthy life and is always treated with respect. On the other hand someone born in district 12 has a life of constant back breaking work. TheyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Hunger Games 1543 Words   |  7 PagesI am nearly one hundred percent positive your book, The Hunger Games has been the subject of discussion and controversy for as long as it has been published and read. Not even just the first book, either. From Katniss’ first adventure through the vast, forested arena, to her second trials in Catching Fire, and finally the heroic revolution in Mockingjay, your series has been a topic of argument over radio shows, television and even my own dinner table. Therefore, I am also nearly one hundred percent

Consumer Electronic Device

Questions: 1. Demonstrate the components of a design pattern for a consumer electronic device. 2. Evaluate of the device to include the software processes that were implemented in the designing and creation of the device. 3. Explain the devices use and function to a non-industry expert so that its capability is easily understood. Answers: Introduction Consumer electronic Devices means any device in which an electronic circuit board is connected and used by many individuals to complete their daily requirements. There is a massive classification of the consumer electronic devices, which includes televisions, PDAs, cameras, calculators, DVDs, clocks, tablets, audio or video devices, smartphones, and several home products. Software Designer, present this paper which includes study about the upcoming consumer electronic device. This paper include components of designe pattern for a device, software process inlude in the implementation process of an electronic device and its use, as well as its functionality is also discussed in this paper. 1. Electronic device: Apple iPhone 8 Apple has a noteworthy iPhone redesign and an upgrade planned for the year 2017, with a glass body along with a cutting-edge OLED display, which includes an interconnected Touch ID Unique Fingerprint sensor as well as with the front-facing camera. The fresh gadget is expected to be upgraded to 6.5 to 6.7 inches and iPhone 8 is the provisional name for this gadget till now. Apple has not confirmed this up gradation in iPhones but it appears to be more logical for an up gradation in iPhones (Crothers, 2016). 2017 will be the year when iPhone will celebrate its 10th anniversary and Apple will have something new to celebrate this grand occasion. Apple is about to launch its iPhone 8 in 2017, however, due to its aspiring design, there are already a lot of rumors indicating the amazing features of Apple in the year 2017 (Bratton, 2009). 2. Components of design pattern of iPhone 8 In the iPhone 8 design patterns, Apple utilizes the Apples A10 Fusion 64-bit framework-on-chip, that comprises of 2 low-power center as well as two high-power centers of the components. A10 chip additionally highlights hexacore representation chip equipped with console-level gaming. Similarly, in comparison to earlier models, iPhone 8 will be accessible in two different sizes: with a 6.5-inch screen and another with a 6.7-inch screen (Langford, 2012). The showcases have indistinguishable sizes as well as resolutions to 7 and 7 plus, however, with an expanded shading range and brightness. Both the gadget variations contain another cycle of Apple's movement coprocessor named as M10. In contrary to the recent iPhone models, internal storage choices of iPhone 8 start with 32 GB rather than 16 GB. iPhone 8 has 3 GB RAM more than any other iPhone launched till date. So far the small iPhone 8 with a 4.7-inch screen has just 2 GB RAM. The iPhone 8 designing procedure follows Waterfall Advanc ement procedure. This is the procedure, designers' utilize for finishing a project. Waterfall advancement process approach empowered the designers to go from one stage to the other and to move to the final stages with a specific end goal to audit and check the operations of iPhone 8 as required. The design patterns components of iPhone 8 incorporate the Business Gathering, Application necessities, Technical Verification, Operational Verification, Wireframing Design Composites, Execution, and Testing. The best part of utilizing Waterfall improvement process for the iPhone 8 is its design components as it guarantees that the advancements of iPhone 8 is solid, secure and is of high-quality (Mathieson, 2007). 3. Software processes which were implemented in designing of iPhone 8 The new version of iPhone 8 will be working on the IOS Operating system software process. It is identical to the Darwins operating model which is present in Mac OS X. It involves Core Animation Code which is a software component of Mac Operating system Leopard v 10.5 (Volker, 2010). Along with Power VR hardware its function is to work as an interface between motion graphics. The IOS would not take even a gigabyte for the implementation of iPhone 8 which is created and modified especially for Apples Hardware. It holds the second position in sales in the entire world as the most familiar Operating Model after Android (OBrien, 2013). Software procedure modeling is a dynamic representation of reality which rejects a great part of the world enormous details. It is an improved procedure which designers utilize as a software process for the creation and implementation of iPhone 8. Its goal is to decide an order in the advancement procedure and development to set-up the transition from the p resent stages' of examination and coding. Every model is portrayed by the arrangement of exercises. The advanced stages may differ in every model, except the model which dependably includes: Planning, Requirement, Design, Analysis, Development, Testing and Maintenance. 4. Iphones' use and its function iPhone 8 will launch from the Apple organization in 2017 in which there will be many more features than in the recently launched gadgets. Presently the engineers are evaluating that the Apples iPhone 8 will surely be integrated with fresh technology and will have many advanced features in it which are easily understandable by non-industrialists also. Use of iPhone and its function will be very easy to understand by non-industrialists. Apple Organization is about to launch its first big screen in the iPhones with almost 6.2 inches to 6.5 inches (Rumours, 2016). Phone calls, Mails, Music are some of the intersting functions of iPhone 8. People are expecting large screen mobile phones from Apple with features such as 3D and 4D resolution technologies. iPhone 8 has a retina display with almost 4K screen corning. Apples iPhones are famous for their best functions which is absolutely the double as compared to the other devices (Steuerangriff auf iPhone Co., 2016). Conclusion It has been concluded in this paper is that it is unquestionable that the launch of iPhone 8 will have a unique as well as good market value. This is because of better business procedures having the most outstanding costs and least unit cost of the business. The tremendous growth of customers for iPhone 8 will surely increase in the year 2017 after its launch. iPhone 8 will certainly gain its own loyal customers as the great features will add to the trust of the new users and their word-of-mouth publicity through the media and through other sources will surely help in publicizing. References Bratton, B. (2009). iPhone City. Architectural Design, 79(4), 90-97. Crothers, B. (2016). Should you wait for the iPhone 8?. Langford, R. (2012). iPhone for monitoring neuromuscular function. Anaesthesia, 67(5), 552-553. Mathieson, S. (2007). iPhone unfit for corporate email. Infosecurity, 4(8), 6. OBrien, R. (2013). Best Practice Differential Diagnosis iPhone app Best Practice Differential Diagnosis iPhone app. Nursing Standard, 28(4), 33-33. Rumours, M. (2016). Apple's iPhone 8 is coming in the fall of 2017. Steuerangriff auf iPhone Co. (2016). Finanz-Rundschau Ertragsteuerrecht, 98(9). Volker, J. (2010). iPhone Security. Dud, 34(7), 486-491.

The quiet american Essay Example For Students

The quiet american Essay The film The Quiet American takes place during the 1950s in Vietnam. The movie illustrates the atmosphere of Vietnam previous to the Vietnam War and during the French occupation of the country. The main plot of the movie revolves around three characters: Fowler played by Michael Caine, Pyle played by Brendan Fraiser, and Phoung played by Do Thi Hai Yen. For the duration of the movie the three main characters are involved in a semi love triangle. This triangle and the emotions that the male characters feel towards Phoung begin to characterize the way they feel about the country of Vietnam itself. Vietnam becomes feminized, taboo, and sexualized just as Phoung does in Pyle and Fowlers eyes. The manner in which Fowler and Pyle struggle over Phoung represents the approach that Britain and America employed in their fight to save Vietnam from communism. Pyles intentions toward Phoung, although similar in some cases to Fowlers, differ greatly at the same time. Both men view Phoung as a sort of object that needs to be saved or requires some sort of assistance in order to endure life. When Pyle falls in love with Phoung upon their first meeting, he decides that he must do whatever he can or whatever he deems necessary in order to save Phoung from a lowly existence. This is the exact same way that Pyle views Vietnam and its present condition. He wants to rescue Vietnam from what he believes to be unadulterated evil: communism. Pyle does this in any way necessary, whether it requires his support of a third party dictator or standing by and watching the massacre of countless innocent Vietnamese citizens. Pyle doesnt love Vietnam so much as he hates communism, in the same way he doesnt love Phoung so much as he does not want Fowler to have her. Fowler on the other hand walks a thin line between noninvolvement and participation within the situations at hand. Fowler believes that Vietnam should be left to make its own decisions, but at the same time he is afraid of the conseq uences of such choices. This policy of noninvolvement and noncommittal is the same way that he approaches all the situations within his life. Fowler does not want to become concerned with the circumstances occurring in Vietnam and he also does not wholeheartedly become involved in the situation between Pyle and Phoung until he is forced to do so. He essentially permits Phoung to decide whom she wants to be with until he is compelled to leave his state of neutrality when it does not seem as if he will become the winner of her heart. Yet again Fowlers feelings towards Phoung embody his feelings towards Vietnam. Fowler wanted to give Phoung a chance to make her own decisions until he becomes petrified that she will choose the stability of Pyle rather than himself. In a similar way, Fowler believed that Vietnam should be able to choose what would occur in its own future but he was afraid at the same time that they would make the wrong decision and elect a communist leader. Although Phou ngs embodiment of Vietnam is the major personification of the film, there is yet another. During the film, Phoung refers to French men and their instability as boyfriends to Vietnamese women. The women of Vietnam become disillusioned with the French suitors much as Vietnam becomes disillusioned with France and wants their occupancy of the country to come to an end. Once the Vietnamese women become disenchanted with the French men they turn to suitors from Britain and America much like Phoung turned to Pyle and Fowler. This is representative of Vietnam pitting Britain and America against one another in order to gain whatever it was that was needed at the timed, whether it was an end to French occupancy or financial and military support. You must choose a side in order to remain human, this is what Fowlers associate reminds him of towards the end of the film. This is what this movie was really about. In the end everyone had to choose which side they were going to be on. Even Fowler ha d to make a choice. By opting to fight for Phoung, Fowler also decided to fight for Vietnams right to choose. By choosing to save Phoung, Pyle chooses to save the country that he loved so dearly. When its all said and done, it does not really make a difference which side you choose as long as you choose a side. .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955 , .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955 .postImageUrl , .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955 , .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955:hover , .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955:visited , .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955:active { border:0!important; } .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955:active , .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955 .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua1ce8cb0f5f58ddd0940b8da48d2d955:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pornography on the internet Essay We will write a custom essay on The quiet american specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

The eNotes Blog Literatures Top 10Lovers

Literatures Top 10Lovers You didnt think we here at would let Valentines Day go by unnoticed did you? As soon as we came down off our sugar highs, we began composing our list of favorites. Here, by demand and consensus, are ten of Cupids best pairings (at least in literature). 10. Petrarch and Laura.   AhhLaurathe original woman on a pedestal. In 1327, Petrarch, then a priest, left the church after catching sight of the beautiful Laura. Some scholars doubt that she actually existed, but others are certain she was indeed a real person. Real or imaginary, the speaker of the sonnets penned by the lovelorn Petrarch is doomed to forever seek her love, and to be forever denied her embrace.   Sniff. 9.   Dante and Beatrice. Sure, your man may say hell go to hell and back for you, but Dante here (at least the character of Dante) actually did it for his beloved Beatrice. (Maybe the box of Whitmans and the choice of two mangled cards left at the Walgreens at 10 am Valentines Day morning needs to be rethought next year). 8. Don Quixote and Dulcinea. If your man wont go to hell for you, will he at least take on giant, vicious windmills? Hmmm? Well, will he? No? Okay, then he falls short of the chivalry of Don Quixote. Despite the Dons heroic effort,  his love interest, Dulcinea, remains unimpressed by his overtures. Whats a fella gotta do? 7.   Cyrano and Roxanne. How about patience? Your man got any of that?   Cyrano writes letters for his friend, Christian, to Roxanne,  even though Cyrano himself is in love her. Mortally wounded, Christian confesses to Roxanne that, in fact, it is Cyranos eloquence with which she has fallen in love. For the next fifteen years, Roxanne hides away in a convent until she finally allows Cyrano to read the last letter and realizes the truth. 6.  Lady Chatterley and Gamekeeper Mellors. First, youll need a gamekeeper. Or a pool boy will do in a pinch. Be sure to gather up lots of wildflowers to weave through his chest hair (not sure how the guy pictured here got the part). Then have him memorize this line: Perhaps only people who are capable of real togetherness have that look of being alone in the universe. The others have a certain stickiness, they stick to the mass. 5.   Stanley and Stella. Steaming up the streets of New Orleans are one of literatures most passionate couples, Stanley and Stella, in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire. Their animal-like lust for each other is something to behold. And then behold some more. 4.   Heathcliff and Catherine. If brooding loners do it for you, then youll want to find yourself a windy moor and practice shouting things like, Oh God! I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul! 3.   Paris and Helen. Secretly wish men would start wars over you? Then youll want to revisit The Iliad and remind your husband or significant other that some men will build a gigantic horse for cryin out loud, just to storm a city and get their woman, and the least he could do is just go to the store and get the milk already. 2.   Rhett Butler and Scarlett OHara. Sometimes, relationships need spark to burn, and thats just what you get between Scarlett and Rhett. Plus, if you are a procrastinator  like me, youll want to commit this quote to memory:  Ã‚  I cant let him go. I cant. There must be some way to bring him back. Oh, I cant think about this now! Ill go crazy if I do! Ill think about it tomorrow. But I must think about it. I must think about it. What is there to do? What is there that matters? Tara! Home. Ill go home. And Ill think of some way to get him back. After alltomorrow is another day! 1. Elizabeth and Darcy. In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth gets to keep the best parts of herself. Darcy gets to keep the best parts of himself. They learn to reform the worser parts, resolve their differences, and live happily ever after. With lots and lots of money.

Parents and Children Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parents and Children Relationships - Essay Example Parents and Children Relationships Children have indeed conflicted with their parents since a long time. One may think that children today are more likely to conflict with their parents. However, parent-child conflict is an old one, and this has been manifested in parents struggling to guide their children while children struggle to project their individuality. Regarding individuality, there are many aspects to look at. To begin with, developing one's individuality starts at an early age. Children learn to develop their own tastes in whatever they do, and in whatever social setting they grow up in. Parents often try and intervene and decide what is best for their children. Often, children disagree with their parents in such matters. In other cases, some children accept their parents' choices, but do not remain satisfied. Some children choose to over power their parents' decisions. This is particularly because parents often forget to give their children the flexibility they need to project their personalities. However, in many cases, children insist on choosing what they want even when certain things are not really good for them. This is where parents need to have the final say.Having a final say in matters is a tool that parents need to use very carefully. Often, parents can overuse this power, and it can be very damaging for their children (Ruys, 2005). Though it is an integral tool for many parents, it is one that must be used within reason. Parents of yesteryears and today have experienced the rebellious nature of their children at some point (McGloin and Widom, 2001,1022-37). Though this nature may be more visible today, children of yesteryears also struggled to be recognized as individuals. Apparently, the struggle by children to project their individual personalities in different ways is an instinctive nature in most developing children. It is one that parents need to understand and deal with appropriately. It is difficult and wrong to oppose or suppress this nature because one cannot and should not smother an individual's personality as it blossoms (Mahoney and Stattin, 2000, 114-26). Parents ought to handle their growing children as growing and unique personalities. Children need to be recognized as individuals. When children learn that they are being recognized as individuals, they feel more confident and grow up to be reliant on their own unique personalities. They also tend to understand themselves better this way. There is also need to exercise good control over children when necessary. This is because young minds may not always know right from wrong (Silk, 2003, 114-127). Parents need to inform their children in a positive way about what is right and wrong. Being firm at times is necessary, but not always. Sometimes, a better measure is to resort to drilling or engraining what is right and wrong from a very young age. This reinforces their awareness about certain things (Harde, 2002). If parents manage to engrain core values in their children, it becomes easier to explain to them why they should or should not do certain things when they grow older. However, having said that, there are numerous factors to consider as a child grows up (Harde, 2002). There are many unforeseen circumstances that families may land

Contemporary Art in Russia Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contemporary Art in Russia - Thesis Example The paper "Contemporary Art in Russia" talks about Russian Contemporary Art. It gave the Union new foreign policies that achieved political power. The policy of Perestroika with it market reforms influenced the Russian art scene and function of the art centers. Perestroika influenced the functions of museums, contemporary art and the market since its inception. It also influenced the role of contemporary spaces such as the Loft Etashe and the Garage Center. Museums such as the Museum Of Non-Conformist Art, Hermitage and the National Center of Contemporary Art also felt the influence of the Perestroika policy. During the inception of the policy, the market for art in Russia experienced a boom. However, the financial implications that followed Perestroika resulted to a decline of art sales. Sotheby used to host an art auction, but it was closed in 1988. The auction was later reopened in 2007. 22 years ago, the Russian art market was withdrawn from the rest of the globe. However, the Mi nistry Of Culture in Russia persuaded Sotheby to hold an auction of contemporary Russian art in Moscow. The aim of the auction was to portray to the world the message of Perestroika and expose contemporary Russian artists to the world. All the contemporary art sold on the auction was exclusively for exportation. The auction turned out to be a market success. The auction raised two million Euros, and it increased the earning from art for the Russian artists. Some of the art pieces fetched up to 242,000 Euros at the time.

Negotiation with chinese Essay Example for Free

Negotiation with chinese Essay We wish to express sincere appreciation to Professor Shia Yun Chiang for his assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. In addition, special thanks to Yama (Yuehai shoe material Ltd) who’s familiarity with the needs and ideas of these team and was helpful during the early programming phase of this research. INTRODUCTION Continental Design is a company where excellence and customer satisfactory are priority. After ten years of being in business, continental now seeks to enter the Chinese market. On Thursday, June 13th 2013, some members were selected to visit the potential customers of our new shoe-soles designs to introduce and negotiate our terms. These members include Mr. Emmanuel Mlay (Financial Officer), Mr. Robin Sharma(Managing Director), Mr. Cliff Osoo (Contracting Officer), Ms. Bella Chan (General Overseer), Ms. Sandra O. K (Sales Manager). Upon arrival, we were taken in and around the factory to experience their works and then to the meeting room. In this report, we explain further our observation and findings in negotiating with the typical Chinese. This report emphasizes mainly on the observations which includes specifications, mode of conduct, styles and techniques also elaborating on how they work together as individualist or collectivism. Again the language used, what they felt at ease to say, their communication skills, relationships with clients, were also under study. However their reasoning and way of thinking was somehow fascinating and very interesting which this report enlightens ideally and strategically. A brief but very informative research was done to know our potential customers before reaching out to them. The one talked about in this report is â€Å"Yuehai shoes material†, a very renowned shoesole company in China. In the end, all business operations can be reduced to three words: people, product and profits. Unless youve got a good team, you cant do much with the other two. 1 1 By: Lee Iacocca 1 Chapter 1 THE CONTINENTAL DESIGN Continental design provides differentiated products that accelerate innovations in the global design market. With ten years of experience and commitment, Continental design has grown to be one of the strongest competitors in the field of designing. This company has also spent those ten years in developing its communication and negotiation skills. Its management capabilities have enabled it to technically handle the challenges and efficiently provide products that are best in the market. As Victor Papanek once said â€Å"Design is the conscious effort to impose a meaningful order. † Continental design was founded by a team of five engineers with one primary goal of working hard helping all small and big shoes companies to succeed through professionally enhanced designs. Today, Continental design is a full-service independent company with about 10 percent of the world market share. Our services cover the whole of Africa, South and North America, Middle East and few countries in Asia. Recently we have initiated our first staple toward China market. 2 BUYERS COMPANY PROFILE Yuehai Shoes Materials Yuehai shoe material has more than 20 years of manufacturing experience and large number of qualified senior employees who are devoted to settling problems and confronting challenges. It has adopted advanced equipment from Taiwan and main land China. The production technology is matured and reliable; at the same time it uses the original material that makes its products to be famous by their high qualities. Its domestic market ranges from Guangzhou and Dongguan where there is a stiff competition that helps them to develop new and up-to date designs that meet the market demands. It then covered the whole of China before capturing Europe and America as the first target in external market. Most recently, it has expanded its external market to Middle East and Africa as a whole, where it has entered into more than 10 different countries. Shoes are human daily life necessities. Shoes industries will never perish as long as human being still exists. With the use of imagination this company is committed to continue to develop shoe industries as part of making the life of entire society in the world better off. Address: No. 39 beicun road, huangqi, nanhai district, foshan city, Guangdong province, China. Tel: 8675785938525 Fax: 867578592981 Email: [emailprotected] net Yuehaixe. com. cn 3 Chapter 2 NEGOTIATION PREPARATION In negotiation there are few things that have to be put in place before the negotiating team or person set off for the negotiation. The factors that are mostly considered before negotiation are: ? Length of contract This is the period that the contract will take before it’s renewed again. The seller always concentrate in this factor because it affect the profit the company will make and for how long. Mostly its 1 to 3 years. This factor is important because it also influence the price to be offered to the buyer. ? Volume to be ordered After a seller has agreed on the length of contract then the next thing to talk about is the Volume that will be bought. When few goods are bought, there is a high possibility that the price will be higher unlike when a large quantity is bought; therefore these first two factors influence the price of the item. ? Price The third factor to talk about after length of contract and volume is price at which the good will be sold. In every company, there is a price offered depending on the quantity to be bought, quality and other things needed for production. The larger the quantity, the lower the price will be and vice versa. 4 ? Payment Terms and Services. The most important thing for a company going for a negotiation is; length of contract, volume and price and other things like payment terms and services comes up later. The last two remaining factors are considered to make sure that the items agreed before is taken into account in a proper manner. Payment terms are important because even if you have a long contract with large volume but payment is not done in time, you will have to lose something. Services are offered to the buyer to make sure he/she is satisfied with the goods bought. 5 SELLER’S WISH LIST. Here we made our wish list before we went to the meeting. We had decided our lowest price and the contract length. Below you can see the result of our company board meeting before going to negotiate with Chinese company ITEM2 Length of contract Volume Price Payment terms Services WEIGHT 40% 25% 20% 10% 5% RANGE 2-1 Years 500-100units/month $200-$150 10-15days 5/5-8/5 In the following table you can see that we agreed to have at least 1 year contract with Chinese company. As they are old and experience company, we believe that it won’t be any problem even if we have 2 years long contract. In terms of volume we were ready to deliver any amount till up to 500 per months. Price was the main concern of our meeting. We know that they will try to spend more time on the price negotiating and knowing we have many competitors in the market, we needed to come up with a very good price range. We also had an agreement on payment terms which should meet within the short period. Lastly, we agreed to offer them a good customer service. 2 Professor Shia Yun Chiang Power point presentation-Estimating wish list ,Power point presentation slide no. 9 10 6 THE AGREEMENT ZONE In every negotiation, there are two possible outcomes. The parties can either reach an agreement or not. The first situation is where the seller and the buyer don’t reach an agreement at all, either, due to the buyer or seller not agreeing with the offer given. The second situation is where the two parties (Buyer and Seller) reach an agreement and signs a contract for the business to take place immediately. For the two parties to reach an agreement, they will have to consider their Consequence of No Agreement (CNA). CNA will either make the two parties to agree or disagree. BUYER’S WISH LIST ITEM3 Price Services Payment terms Length of contract Volume WEIGHT 45% 25% 20% 5% 5% RANGE $100-$150 8/5-5/5 Cash transfer 3-1Years 50-100units/month After a lengthy discussion with the buyer, following were the outcomes of negotiation; OUTCOME ITEM Price Length of Contract Volume Payment Terms Services DETAILS $150/Design 1 Year 100 Units/month Cash Transfer in 2 days 10 Days training Professor Shia Yun Chiang Power point presentation-Estimating wish list ,Power point presentation slide no. 9 10 7 Chapter 3 OBSERVATION VALUES AND THINKING IN NEGOTIATION. When going for a negotiation one has to learn the buyer’s values in thinking. These values differ from one country or one region to the other and it can cause a misunderstanding between the two parties. According to the research we did about Chinese negotiation, we found out that Chinese are more relationship oriented than Africans and even other nations. As soon as we entered into the Chinese office for the negotiation, they offered us Water. This proves that they are more relationship oriented; they use this to build a rapport between their clients even before negotiation. Another thing that the company we were negotiating with did is that, they invited us for supper. In these acts we can see how Chinese people are mostly towards relationship with their clients unlike other European countries or America and even Africa. Before us reaching a conclusion, the Chinese people asked a lot of personal questions even in the middle of our negotiation. Some of the questions they asked were; When will you go back to your country? Do you like china? Is your country very hot than china? These personal questions that are not related to business are a clear picture of Chinese values and thinking in a negotiation. â€Å"As a general rule, it’s always safer to adopt a formal posture and move to an informal stance, if the situation warrants it, than to assume an informal style too quickly†4 4 As Jeswald W. Salacuse- (Ivey Business journal) 8 . During our research, we were also able to notice some of the things that are not common in African countries and even other continents. The first thing that they did is to welcome us in a very encouraging manner that made us feel at home, and with such hospitality, we were able to do the negotiation having been convinced that Chinese are good business people. This kind of hospitality that Chinese people give to their clients make them win in the businesses they negotiate in because the other party will feel so cared for that they can trust the offers given. Another thing we noticed in the research is the way they asked us whether someone has introduced us to the company or we looked it up in the internet. At the beginning I didn’t see the reason why they should be concerned with how we got to know about the company, but after we finished the meeting I had to ask and what they told us is, in Chinese (Intermediary/ middleman). This is one of the things that make us to realize how important Chinese value relationship in the business arena. The other behavior that we observed in the process of visiting and doing the negotiation is that, immediately we arrived at the factory, we were received and taken around the factory to see how they do their production and even explaining every step of production line. This really made us feel honored and we started to see them as transparent and responsible people, something that needed in business so much. â€Å"Chinese negotiating style is people oriented and permeated with such Confucians notion as guanxi, renqing, face, family age, harmony, hierarchy, li (etiquette)†5. 5 As said by Tong Fang –Chinese Business Negotiating Styles 9 CIRCULAR REASONING TALKING In our haste to market our designs for shoe soles. We came across various ways in which Chinese carry out their business negotiation. While most of the companies we approached exhibited the sequential kind of talking, the Chinese demonstrated the circular type. Interestingly, as we tried to obtain information and answer their questions regarding our products, we realized that Chinese, when not interested in your product would rather beat about the bush than going straight to the point. This is mostly demonstrated in the time of negotiating prices. This makes it hard to determine their stance in terms of buying the product. It is almost impossible at that moment to determine the level of consequence of no agreement on the buyer’s side. As much as you try explaining and convincing Chinese buyers who are less interested in a product, you will end up just like before. It is hard for them to say â€Å"no† point blank. This I believe is because of the long courting and relationship they build up with their business partners before negotiating. For instance, in one of our interviews, the interviewee mentioned after our refusal to take lunch with him that it is the culture of Chinese people to dine with their potential business partners irrespective of their interests. He explained that not only does this emphasize politeness; it also creates room for next or future cooperation. That is why in almost every meeting with a Chinese business man, you are served tea or water even before the talking starts. As pleasing as this might sound, it is also the reason behind the average Chinese would want to beat about the bush when not interested in the product for sale. Relationship and friendship are commonly used to obtain a better price and more concessions. 10 Herbig and Martin (1998), Stark, Fam, Waller and Tian (2005), and Zhu et al. (2007) all found that the Chinese do not rush into the negotiation, but rather, spend a lot of time in getting to know their counterparts as much as possible, even including personal information in order to build guanxi and trust from the beginning. Another finding is that they would want to end the meeting peacefully and friendly just as it had started without having to ruin the relationship or hurt anyone’s feelings, yet they have to decide whether or not to purchase the product. According to Faure (1999), the Chinese focus more on relationship building during this stage, as they need to know their counterparts for any business deal to occur. This negotiation practice might cause conflict with Westerners, as Westerners prefer to start negotiations straight away after basic greetings and introductions. Rule how to be successful in dealing with Chinese: â€Å"Be fair, reasonable and diplomatic: â€Å"If your Chinese counterpart believes that you are being unreasonable, they may not openly say so, but your negotiations are likely to stall and go nowhere. If you disagree with your counterpart, don’t simply reject their position out of hand, but carefully explain your reasoning†. 6 6 â€Å"Forbes† by Jack Perkowski (Negotiating in China; 10 rules for Success 11 QUESTIONING INTERRUPTING We’ve had several encounters with many customers throughout the years, but what makes the Chinese customers outstanding is their mode of questioning. Unlike our African customers, they tend to interrupt and chip in their questions whiles you are talking. In some cultures, this might seem rude and impolite but this is not so for Chinese. They are very cooperative, assertive and defensive. This encourages and makes the one talking feel he’s being listened to. This normally generates positive feedback. During one of the interviews conducted, it came to our realization that, the typical or traditional Chinese interrupts more than the Chinese who has been open to Western culture. Customers who deal with Westerners or Africans have adjusted to some of their negotiation skill. This we believe will go a long way to influence most Chinese business partners. Their character or attitude of seeking and asking questions is different from other people in the sense that Chinese exhibits a character of â€Å"Xenophobia which is a distrust of all things foreign to one’s own culture. Xenophile is a lust to obtain all things new and or foreign. The Chinese have become inclined to distrust anything and everyone from foreign lands due to their history of violent revolutions and government seizures and changes. On the other hand, they have also seen the new technologies and high standard of living in the West, and many Chinese struggle with these mixed feelings as they pursue business opportunities with foreigners and seek to acquire western technologies â€Å"(Pye, 1992) 12 COLLECTIVISM Under collectivism, the means of production are owned and controlled by the state or the people as a whole. Also, it describes any outlook or philosophy that stresses the interactivity between people. It is often consider as opposite of individualism. There are two basic types of collectivism: horizontal and vertical. In the horizontal type, members are considered to be as equal as possible, and share resources and responsibilities. The vertical include a social hierarchy that society member work to maintain, and people submit to those above them in the hierarchy. Collectivism in China When Mao Ze Dong came into power; he strengthens the collectivism by eliminating landowners and individualists, sending nearly everyone to work in collectivist communities. Therefore, China has been more collectivist than individualist in both ancient and modern history. Many research states that, there are many leaders in China today who believe that the days of collectivism in China will soon be gone. There are several reasons for this. First is that the â€Å"one-child-policy,† especially in the cities, it gives us many younger citizens who have been raised to believe that they hold a special place in the world. This kind of upbringing leads to individualism over collectivism. In business point, there are still many examples of collectivist thinking. For example, When we(foreigner) and Chinese, began to work together, mainly the Chinese look towards the team as 13 the reason for the company success, but on the other hand, the foreigner(us) were trying to identify individual high performers. That’s one of the different between Chinese and foreign culture. Collectivism between our culture (as a foreigner) and Chinese Collectivism is a cultural pattern found especially in East Asia, Latin America, and Africa. But nowadays societies are not purely individualist or collectivist, but some of them are the mixture of the two. Western and Northern Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand are individualist. Conclusion Although there are few countries fully apply in collectivism, like North Korea, most of the countries are applying the mixture of collectivism and individualism. Those countries practicing collectivism mainly have a low GDP level, because it affects trade with the other countries. 14 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIFICATION OF TIME AND PRICE. The important aspects when we negotiate with Chinese: Patience is the most important qualification for successful negotiations with the Chinese. Negotiations in China often take time because of different departments within one organization tend to be involved in negotiation processes and decision-making within the Chinese bureaucracy often takes time. By Confucianism, Chinese will not rush into any serious meetings with someone whom they do not know; trust and a certain feeling of closeness. Here is the example of Chinese negotate style we found. It prove that, to negotiate a favourite price with Chinese, obviously we need time. 1. Don’t expose too much of your interest in a product you want to buy even though you’re really drawn to it. It is better to act like that it does not matter to you and you don’t have to have it. Sometimes the sales person would tell you if he or she can judge from your facial expression that you really want that item. 2. In the first time you will never get the exact item for the price. Usually the sales person would try to seduce you by offering an unfavorable price. For example, for a necklace placed at $100, if you ask the sales person for discount, perhaps for the first time she would give you a discount like $90. Don’t take it. Just think that it is too high and walk away. Sometimes the sales person would shout at your back and offer much more favorable discounts. 15 3. The second negotiation is to reach a middle point. Try to get 45-60% discount of the original price. If it is impossible, try to get somewhere around 70-85%. Try to negotiate in a friendly way. If the agreement cannot be reached, walk away again. 4. The final negotiation will be the last attempt. Be firm and try to get 40% off. Some might finally give you 40% off, while some can’t due to different price strategies involved and store renting fees, staff cost, etc. To compare with our culture(as a foreigner), in our country, all the goods had set their fixed selling price, and most of the company usually have their own rule for market selling, therefore the vacuum for price negotiate will be less. 16 LANGUAGE BARRIER Our group members come from Nepal, Ghana, Tanzania, and Hong Kong. We speak different languages. English is our second language. We often face with language barrier within and outside the group. . Language barrier often is a big problem. If this was an outsourcing job or transcription work, language would probably have a major role, as both require clear understanding of the accents, practice of speaking in a fluent way. Cause of language barrier: 1. Emails written communication we should be able to clearly understand written instructions and reply with clear and also follow rules in a polite way. Sometimes we often wrote a business mail in a friendly tone, instead we should write in a formal way. 2. Phone Calls While working with an outsourcing partner, providing a phone number for emergencies may seem to be a good idea. However if this phone number happens to be attended by a non-English speaking person, it will serve nothing but a source of irritation. So we can think of giving the mobile number of a representative who can speak with clear and patience even if the resolution is not attained on the call in itself. 17 Useful method between different language. Pictogram and simple image are useful method as icon or sign for almost every place. It means they are efficient to give information to people without any words. They have high possibility to support the communication between two people without spoken language. Conclusion We need to use English to communicate with each other, when we were going to Nanhai to take the video, sometimes we need to use Chinese to communicate with the local Chinese people. When people from different countries speak in different languages, we often face difficulties an understanding each other. We cannot express our meaning in a proper way. During our research, when we took the train, there was problem in translating Chinese characters. So it is quite hard for us to find the way to the shoe factory. In addition, the English level of a local Chinese are mainly still in low level, some of them even cannot understand what we are asking. I think it is what we are called language barriers. 18 Chapter 4 TIPS TO NEGOTIATE WITH CHINESE The intensive research negotiation we conducted at Yuehai Shoes Materials factory widened up our knowledge about Chinese negotiation. We believe through this report you have acquired some usefully tips on how to strategically negotiate with Chinese. Upon what you have learned here are our recommendations for you to conquer any negotiation: ? Be prepared†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Make sure you are well prepared. ? Understand the cultural differences†¦. Get to know the other culture. ? Don’t be afraid of negotiation†¦ if you can talk you can negotiate. ? Show some emotions (share some burden)†¦remember, people value them. ? Be on time.. time is money. ? Be careful†¦ use appropriate language. ? Be in control†¦ don’t allow other things to distract your focus. ? Give some room for the other party (compromise whenever necessary). ? Show some vivid example†¦ a picture is worth a thousand words. 19 CONCLUSION â€Å"Deal is always better that no deal. †7 As hard as negotiation may seem to be, its outcomes are almost always worth the endurance. In different cultures where there are different goals, different point of views, different interests, different values and beliefs, different needs and different decision making styles; it takes a considerably huge amount of effort for sellers and buyers to reach the agreement zone. Both parties must be willing to give up part of their wish or lower their requirements which do not happen easily. With better understanding of both cultures of the parties involved, the negotiation will yield more significance solutions. One should keep in mind that negotiation is the cornerstone of any successfully business in the world. Despite the difficulties involved in the strategic negotiation, lets us follow the words of one of our great fathers who once said, â€Å"Let’s never negotiate out of fear, but lets us never fear to negotiate. †8 7 Professor Shia Yun Chiang class PowerPoint presentation 8a.

The Great National Temperance Drink :: essays papers

The Great National Temperance Drink Coca-Cola Enterprises is the self-proclaimed largest bottler of "liquid, nonalcoholic refreshment" in the world. More than 350 million people live in Coke territory and since late last century most have been addicted to the sweetened water. Anyone who prefers sipping an ice-cold Coca-Cola Classic (or one of their companion sodas such as Diet Coke, Sprite, Mr. Pibb, Cherry Coke, Mello Yellow, etc.) should start deciding how much they are willing to pay for them in the grocery store following the New Year. Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc., or CCE, is planning to progressively raise the price of their soft drinks by as much as 5% during the next year. This increase is being directly prompted by the imposition of a higher annual target growth for 2000 of 6% by the Coca-Cola Corporation of Atlanta, Georgia, which owns a 40% share in the bottler. This target volume growth is double that of last year's expectation and triple that of this year's growth. While some people are blaming inflation and rising marginal costs (see Figure 1 below) for the price hike and Coca-Cola Co. is pressing fault on the negative impact of foreign currency, another factor may also be creating pressure for Coke to regain lost incoming revenues. This summer's contamination scares and product recalls in Belgium, France and Poland definitely hurt sales in Europe, as well as removed 17 million cases from the supply of products. Another costly segment of this issue was the compensation and distributing costs of 15 million liters worth of coupons for free Coca-Cola products the disgruntled residents of Belgium received. CCE estimated that the total loss was about $103 million, including a case volume decline of 6-7% in Europe. The annual total revenues of CCE from sales as well as the costs associated with operation, delivery, and administrative expenditures, all in terms of millions of dollars. While this graph includes neither long-term debt nor shareholder payments, it does indicate a noticeable jump in marginal costs of production in the last few years. This is closely paralleled by an increase in revenues, indicative of previous price increases. Regardless of the cause, let's look at the consequences of this price increase driven by Mama Coke... While a few consumers are die-hard Coke or Pepsi drinkers, some us easily become indifferent once faced with a grocer's aisle filled with refreshment possibilities.

Criminological Perspectives Essay

Various variables in one’s life can contribute to deviant behaviors, which is analyzed and explained through theory. These variables are but not limited to where one grows up, what type of people you surround yourself with, age, gender, etc. The scenario that this essay will prominently prefer to and use extensively throughout this essay is about a male named Colin in his teens. When growing up, he live on the â€Å"bad side† of town as opposed to most of his friends who lived on the â€Å"right side† of town, and who were a lot more privileged. Colin was from a small town that had many altercations relating to the youth of that community. There was nothing productive for Colin to do in the small town, which caused excessive boredom for him. Colin had been arrested at the age of 15 for stealing gas from a neighbor’s truck, charges were not laid, but the entire community knows of his transgression. Also, Colin took the brunt of the responsibility for a theft in which he was not acting alone. Finally, at the age of 17, Colin left the small town behind and was accepted into a trade college. Colin’s age, where he lives, and his criminal involvement at a young age will be the focus for the rest of the essay. In turn, this paper is going to analyzing a youth from a small town, where there is proven higher rates of crime, and explaining it using two theoretical theories. Thus, by examining the two most highly recognized theories in depth, the Low Self Control Theory and Aker’s Social Learning Theory, and analyzing their strengths and weaknesses, we can then begin to understand why certain crimes occur, particularly in Colin’s scenario. By exploring the Low Self Control Theory, also known as the General Theory of Crime, criminologists can explain why crime occurs. Low Self Control Theory and its presumption about human behavior has been incorporated into different criminological theories over the past decades (Wright, 2000). Low Self Control Theory was created in 1990 by Gottfredson and Hirschi and expanded on the earlier works of Durkheim (1987), Reiss (1951) and also Hirschi’s (1969) earlier work on bonding. The theory evolved to suggest that self-control is the general concept around which all of the known facts about crime can be organized (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). This theory focuses on the nature of crime; that is crimes are committed in the search of pleasure and avoidance of pain (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). The Low Self Control Theory is understood to explain an individual’s tendency to perform or refrain from committing crimes, just as high self-control explains an individual’s likelihood of â€Å"conforming to social norms and laws† (Akers, 1991, pg. 201). Gottfredson and Hirschi explain that the concept of self-control is a learned behavior (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). They note that individuals who are involved with crime also engage in behaviors that provide short-term gratification (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Speeding, unprotected sex, gambling, smoking, and drinking are a few examples of risky behaviors that may be evident in criminals who seek immediate satisfaction (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). The most prominent individual difference is one’s self control or lack of which is composed of six elements; impulsivity, risk taking, a preference for simple tasks, a preference for physical activity, temper and finally self-centeredness (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). The theory then alludes that individuals who have these psychological traits have the opportunity to partake in criminal behaviors and are more likely to participate in criminal activity (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) theory has received attention from theorists and researchers (Grasmick, Tittle, Bursik, Arnekley, 1993). They focused on the proposition that self-control, adopted early in life, determines who will be likely to commit crimes (Grasmick et al, 1993). According to Low Self Control Theory, children with behavioral problems tend to grow into delinquents and eventually into adult offenders (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Gottfredson and Hirschi further argue that the level of self-control largely depends on the quality of parenting in a child’s early years, as the path for or against crime happens early in life (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Furthermore, the theory asserts that parenting is the most crucial factor, which will determine an individual’s level of self-control. If a child has a neglectful upbringing, he or she tends to have the six elements outlined by Low Self Control Theory (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Children whose parents provide adequate care and punish misconduct will develop the self-control needed and resist the easy temptations offered by crime. (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Low Self Control Theory argues that a lack of self-control is neither a sufficient nor essential condition for crime to occur as other factors may offset an individual’s likelihood of committing criminal acts (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Although lack of self-control and the family’s role in its failed development do not mean that an individual will become deviant and take part in criminal events, it will provide situations that will make conditions favorable for delinquency (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Gottfredson and Hirschi unmistakably identify the role of parents as the most essential cause of socialization for adolescent youths (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Hirsch has provided the dynamics of the family’s important role in reducing the chances of childhood delinquency (Hirschi, 1995). As the Low Self Control Theory states, individuals who are ineffectively parented prior to age 10 develop less self-control than their similarly aged and better-parented counterparts. This makes them prone to quick and easy gratification when given the opportunity (Gottfredson & Hirschi 1990). Opportunity of crime is apparent for individuals living in a small town, which is prone to crime. Partaking in different types of crimes, such as Colin does, tend to be exciting, risky, or thrilling and they maintain an adventurous point of view. This is especially the case, since Colin is bored in a small town where no action is available to him. As most of the theory is focused on good parenting, and lack of opportunity, small communities will have a tough time deterring criminals in taking part in crime. However, having more police presence will deter individuals from committing crimes throughout the community, as the criminals will partake in crime as long as the opportunity presents itself. On the contrary, if the individuals are neglected as children or have been in an abusive household it will be extremely difficult to deter individuals to commit crimes. Colin has no friends to play with because he does not reside on the wealthy side of town which could bring about neglect, and/or his parents could be abusive or absent in his childhood years. Aker’s Social Learning Theory consists of four key elements. Firstly, imitation refers to the degree of which an individual mimics behaviour that others may admire. Whether or not the behaviour is imitated is affected by external characteristics such as the characteristics of the model, the behaviour observed, and the observed consequences (Akers & Jenson, 2003). These individuals are more than likely to be people that have a personal relationship. Definitions refer to the level of approval individual’s hold regarding morals and laws as well as specific deviant behaviour. These definitions are both general (religious, moral) and specific (Akers & Jenson, 2003). Differential association is the third element of Aker’s social learning model as it refers to attitudes and patterns of behaviours, which are exposed in interaction with others (Paternoster & Bachman, 2001). Differential association has both behavioural interactional and normative dimensions (Paternoster & Bachman, 2001). Finally, differential reinforcement refers to the anticipated costs and rewards associated with an individual’s given behaviour. An act or action that is considered to experience more rewards than costs is more likely to be performed or repeated (Paternoster & Bachman, 2001). In 1998, Aker’s published a book entitled ‘Social Learning and Social Structure’, where he expands further on Social Learning Theory by explaining crime rates as a function, called the Social Structure-Social Learning Theory. While, Social Learning Theory focuses on individual criminal behaviour, Social Structure-Social Learning focuses on the macro-level causes of crime stating that environments impact the individual through learning (Akers 1998). This theory has the same key principles as Social Learning Theory but due to criticism that he received, Aker’s elaborates on the topic. By examining the principles of Akers’s theory, crime that takes place in Colin’s scenario can be explained. Akers developed a theory that can be applied to many different types of criminals and crimes. However, it is best applied to behavior within groups from which receive reinforcement such as gangs and social/peer groups (Akers, 1998). Furthermore, the theory can be applied to any crime that beings any kind of gain. The gain can include positive attention from their group, or pleasure. In most cases an individual will learn behavior from others and then the behavior is reinforced. Taking into consideration when Colin’s participated in the theft with peers and took all of the blame for it once he was caught. As most of his friends are from the â€Å"right side† of town, and he is not, he may have felt pressure from the upper class to take blame. Also, if crime is being committed in a small town and individuals are witnessing it, it can give other criminals the opportunity to join in as the police work loads double, the chances of getting caught for committing a crime decreases. As per Social Learning Theory, Aker’s states that if the risk is the worth the reward than an individual will proceed in committing crimes. Thus, understanding Aker’s 4 elements of social learning and applying them to Colin’s scenario will give individuals a better chance of successfully avoiding crime. However, the only effective way to do so is to deter criminals by adding the use of security cameras, added police forces, and making examples out of those individuals who are caught. Which is not what happened when Colin was caught for stealing gas out of his neighbors truck. If he were to be made an example out of, the likelihood of it happening again would be low. Out of the two approaches that are being examined, I believe for the example for Colin’s scenario that the Low Self Control Theory is more convincing in explaining the opportunities of committing crime. Although Low Self Control Theory can be applied to the situation, Aker’s Social Learning Theory gives a better understanding of when and why individuals would commit crimes in small towns, such as where Colin is from. As the individuals involved do not necessarily have to have a criminal past, through imitation of their peers and the other elements of social learning, can resort to committing crimes. Other factors that can be included are alcohol, drugs, and peer pressure but as long as the behavior is positively enforced, the individuals will take part in it. Aker’s Social Learning Theory provides a micro perspective on why individual offenders decide to commit specific crimes; people choose to engage in crime because it can be rewarding, easy, satisfying, fun, and in this case, entertaining. Most of the individuals that would be taking place in these crimes would be heavily influenced be external factors and may just fall under the gang mentality. Although both theories have been studied throughout the history of criminology and continue to be expanded, there are many strengths and weaknesses that can be examined. The Low Self Control Theory has received many criticisms as Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that there is only one type of offender and only a single factor, which causes crime. Many researchers found that there are various paths that criminals can take (Goode, 2008). People behave criminally at a different speed than others, commit different types of crimes, and have different external influences that contribute to the behavior (Goode, 2008). Moreover, Low Self Control Theory argues that criminal tendency is unable to change. Therefore, according to this theory, an individual’s personality and behavioral patterns will also never change over the course of a lifetime. However, research shows that life altering events and traditional events such as starting or finishing school, abusing drugs, recovering from drugs, and beginning or ending personal relationships, all clearly impact the probability of behaving criminally (Goode, 2008). This applies to Colin’s scenario, as he may change his criminal ways once being committed to school. On the contrary, Gottfredson and Hirschi were quite popular in the views of American criminologists in the early 1990s. As they identified parenting as the most decisive factor in determining the likelihood that a person will commit crimes, child rearing became an important factor for parents. Despite much criticism, the body of empirical tests of the general theory of crime has been fairly consistent in revealing a link between self-control and crime. Studies have shown that individuals with higher self-control are less likely to engage in criminal activity (Goode, 2008). In the context of Colin’s scenario, the weaknesses that can be exploited is that individuals that are not necessarily criminals may take part in criminal activity due to a number of external factors that have been presented in this paper. These individuals may have had a great upbringing from their parents, but failed to make a positive decision, such as out of boredom. Aker’s Social Learning Theory has also received criticisms over the years although it is not nearly as much as Gottfredson and Hirschi. According to many criminologists, Social Learning Theory does not provide applicable advice for controlling or preventing crime (Jeffery, 1990). It does explain how criminal behavior is ‘transmitted’ from one person to another, which can explain increases in types of crimes. The theory does not address the issue of how crime can be prevented (Jeffery, 1990). Moreover, Akers’ work is that it ignores the role of opportunity in criminal behavior (Jeffery, 1990). The assumption that people who learn criminal behavior must have come into contact with such behavior is the base of the theory. However, the theory does not explain exactly how a person comes into contact with people exhibiting criminal behavior (Jeffery, 1990). Akers has provided counter arguments or explained why the criticisms are not valid. The criticism that social learning theory ignores social context was dealt with in the expansion of social learning theory to social context-social learning theory. Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Low Self Control Theory and Aker’s Social Learning Theory are not likely to be integrated. Colvin’s Differential Coercion Theory combines elements from both theories (and others) and applies them in the context of his own. However, Aker’s heavily criticizes Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Low Self Control Theory and the key components that make up that theory. Therefore, I do not believe it is possible to integrate both theories while keeping the main concepts together. To conclude, Low Self Control Theory and Social Learning Theory both provide exceptional analysis of Colin’s scenario. By understanding the key concepts of the Low Self Control Theory and Social Learning Theory, the explanation of where and why crime occurs would give reassurance to individuals of Colin’s town. By comparing and contrasting these two theories, an individual can apply them to how growing up in a small town might affect them and potentially provide methods and opportunities to deflect crime. References Akers, Ronald L. (1998). Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Boston: Northeastern University Press Akers, R. L., & Jensen, G. F. (2003). Social learning theory and the explanation of crime: a guide for the new century. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction. Akers, Ronald L. (1991). Self-control as a general theory of crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 7(2), 201-211. Akers, R. L. (2009). Social learning and social structure: a general theory of crime and deviance. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. Clarke, Ronald V. (1995). Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention. Crime and Justice, Vol. 19, Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention (1995), pp. 91-150 Goode, E. (2008). Out of control: assessing the general theory of crime. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Social Sciences Grasmick, Harold G., Charles R. Tittle, Robert J. Bursik Jr, and Bruce J. Arneklev (1993)..Testing the Core Empirical Implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30:5-29. Hirschi, Travis. (1995). The Family. In James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia (eds.). Crime. (pp.121-140). San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies. Jeffery, C. Ray. (1990). Criminology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Paternoster, R., Bachman, R. (2001). Explaining criminals and crime: essays in contemporary criminological theory. Los Angeles, Calif.: Roxbury Pub. Co. Wright, Richard.A (2000) Recent Changes in the Most-Cited Scholars in Criminology: A Comparison of Textbooks and Journals. Journal of Criminal Justice.